1 Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8 Quebec, Canada.
2 Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong, China.
3 Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina S4S 0A2 Saskatchewan, Canada.

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries has raised concerns about resource scarcity, battery accident risks, and end-of-life battery management. All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are emerging as a promising alternative due to their higher energy density and thermal stability. However, the large-scale production of ASSBs necessitates the development of sustainable recycling strategies to address resource constraints and environmental challenges. This study proposes an innovative framework integrating life cycle assessment (LCA) and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) to evaluate the environmental, social, and economic performance of three recycling methods, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycling, for two types of oxide-based ASSBs (with LLZO and LATP electrolytes). The results indicate that hydrometallurgical recycling, particularly for LLZO batteries, offers the most sustainable solution by balancing environmental benefits, social impact, and cost-effectiveness. Direct recycling, while economically advantageous, faces technical uncertainties. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses further validate the robustness of the findings, providing a comprehensive decision-making tool for future battery disposal strategies.