1 School of Computer Science, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
2 International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
3 Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
4 Centre for the Arts in Human Development, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
5 Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
6 Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Singing and vocalization practices are reportedly associated with increased relaxation, better emotional regulation, and enhanced social closeness. Here, we investigate the neural underpinnings of such effects and ask whether they are related to processes linked to the vocalization aspect or are a result of modified breathing patterns. Toning is a form of vocalization involving the expression of vocal sounds for the duration of the exhalation, often resulting in a slower breathing frequency compared to rest. It is increasingly used in therapeutic environments, but its neural underpinnings are poorly understood. EEG studies have shown increases in alpha power for slow breathing interventions, believed to be mediated by vagal activity, as shown in increased heart rate variability (HRV). We aimed to describe the neural responses to toning and singing familiar songs with a slow rhythm in a group of participants without prior music training, and their autonomic responses measured by HRV. We contrasted these vocal conditions with matched breathing-only conditions. We ask whether toning is related to increases in alpha power and further explore the patterns for other frequencies of brain activity. We find that alpha and theta power increase in the resting state following toning and singing interventions, but not in the resting state following breathing at matching frequencies. Respiratory-mediated HRV, as indexed by the standard deviation of N-N intervals, showed significant increases during toning and toning-matched slow breathing as previously reported, while vagal tone, as indexed by the root mean square of successive differences of HRV, increased when participants were breathing slowly but not when participants were vocalizing, suggesting differential effects between neural and autonomic responses for vocalization and slow breathing. These results provide insights into the neural mechanisms of vocalization and singing practices, with implications for their use as part of well-being and health interventions.