1 Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
2 Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
3 Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresource, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
4 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Ruminants play a key role in the conversion of cellulolytic plant material into high-quality meat and milk protein for humans. The rumen microbiome is the driver of this conversion, yet there is little information on how gene expression within the microbiome impacts the efficiency of this conversion process. The current study investigates gene expression in the rumen microbiome of beef heifers and bison and how transplantation of ruminal contents from bison to heifers alters gene expression. Understanding interactions between the host and the rumen microbiome is the key to developing informed approaches to rumen programming that will enhance production efficiency in ruminants.