1 MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
2 Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, S4S 0A2, Canada. Electronic address: huangg.ur@gmail.com.
3 Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
4 Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, S4S 0A2, Canada.
5 China-Canada Center of Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-SDU, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
6 Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.

Discharge of decentralized livestock wastewater without effective treatment has become a common problem in rural areas, threatening the regional water environment. A new microcurrent-assisted multi-soil-layering (MSL) system was developed for treating rural decentralized livestock wastewater. The results showed the highest removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) in MSL systems reached 95.45% and 92.0%, respectively. The removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) in MSL systems ranged from 60 to 75%. The bacterial diversity changes among MSL systems showed that high-level height of bottom submergence had a positive effect on the abundance of denitrifying bacteria, while low-level height of bottom submergence had a positive impact on the abundance of nitrifying bacteria. The effect of low-level external voltage on bacterial abundance was better than that of high-level external voltage. Both high- and low-level influent C/N ratios had no significant effect on bacterial abundance. The metabolism and activity of microorganisms were promoted with microcurrent stimulation from the perspective of increased bacterial abundance in MSL systems with improved treatment performance.