1 Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: amirreza.erfani.g@gmail.com.
2 Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: vakilisajad9574@aut.ac.ir.
3 Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: Zandifar89@gmail.com.
4 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada. Electronic address: sina.pourebrahimi@concordia.ca.

Antibiotics released into water sources pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. This comprehensive review meticulously examines the ecotoxicological impacts of three prevalent antibiotics-ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and sulfamethoxazole-on the ecosystems. Within this framework, our primary focus revolves around the key remediation technologies: adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this context, an array of adsorbents is explored, spanning diverse classes such as biomass-derived biosorbents, graphene-based adsorbents, MXene-based adsorbents, silica gels, carbon nanotubes, carbon-based adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanofibers, biochar, metal oxides, and nanocomposites. On the flip side, the review meticulously examines the main AOPs widely employed in water treatment. This includes a thorough analysis of ozonation (O₃), the photo-Fenton process, UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂), TiO₂ photocatalysis, ozone/UV (O₃/UV), radiation-induced AOPs, and sonolysis. Furthermore, the review provides in-depth insights into equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models as well as prospects and challenges inherent in these cutting-edge processes. By doing so, this review aims to empower readers with a profound understanding, enabling them to determine research gaps and pioneer innovative treatment methodologies for water contaminated with antibiotics.