1 Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
2 Department of Health and Kinesiology, Unversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.
3 Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
5 Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Quebec, Canada.
6 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
7 Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) during post-learning sleep is known to enhance motor memory consolidation but the underlying neurophysiological processes remain unclear. Here, we confirm the beneficial effect of auditory TMR on motor performance. At the neural level, TMR enhanced slow wave (SW) characteristics. Additionally, greater TMR-related phase-amplitude coupling between slow (0.5-2 Hz) and sigma (12-16 Hz) oscillations after the SW peak was related to higher TMR effect on performance. Importantly, sounds that were not associated to learning strengthened SW-sigma coupling at the SW trough. Moreover, the increase in sigma power nested in the trough of the potential evoked by the unassociated sounds was related to the TMR benefit. Altogether, our data suggest that, depending on their precise temporal coordination during post learning sleep, slow and sigma oscillations play a crucial role in either memory reinstatement or protection against irrelevant information; two processes that critically contribute to motor memory consolidation.