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Salmonid fishes are arguably one of the most studied fish taxa on Earth, but little is known about their biomass range in many parts of the world. We created a dataset of estimated salmonid biomass using published material of over 1000 rivers, covering 27 countries and 11 species. The dataset, spanning 84 years of data, is the largest known compilation of published studies on salmonid biomass in streams, allowing detailed analyses of differences in biomass by species, region, period, and sampling techniques. Production is also recorded for 194 rivers, allowing further analyses and relationships between biomass and production to be explored. There is scope to expand the list of variables in the dataset, which would be useful to the scientific community as it would enable models to be developed to predict salmonid biomass and production, among many other analyses.