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Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by hierarchical magnetic ZnO@g-C3N4: RSM optimization, kinetic study, reaction pathway and toxicity evaluation.

J Hazard Mater. 2018 Oct 05;359:516-526

Authors: Mirzaei A, Yerushalmi L, Chen Z, Haghighat F

Abstract

The degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by a synthesized hierarchical magnetic zinc oxide based composite ZnO@g-C3N4 (FZG) was examined. Hierarchical FZG was synthesized by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle as the magnetic core and urea as the precursor for in situ growth of g-C3N4 on the surface of petal-like ZnO. The effect of catalyst dosage (0.4-0.8?g/L), solution pH (3-11) and airflow rate (0.5-2.5?L/min) on the SMX removal efficiency and the optimization of process was studied by response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The obtained RSM model with R2?=?0.9896 showed a satisfactory correlation between the predicted values and experimental results of SMX removal. Under the optimum conditions, i.e. 0.65?g/L photocatalyst concentration, pH?=?5.6 and airflow rate?=?1.89?L/min, 90.4% SMX removal was achieved after 60?min reaction. The first-order kinetic rate constant for SMX removal by using FZG was 0.0384 min-1 while the rate constant by commercial ZnO was 0.0165?min-1. Moreover, under the optimum conditions, about 64% COD removal and 45% TOC removal and a considerable reduction in toxicity were observed. The analysis of generated intermediates during the photocatalytic degradation of SMX was conducted by LC-HR-MS/MS method and a degradation pathway was proposed.

PMID: 30086522 [PubMed - in process]