1 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
2 2Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Canada.
3 3Substantive Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
4 4Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
5 5Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
6 6Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro-and Behavioral Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
7 8Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
8 7Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
9 9Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
10 10Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA.
11 11Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
12 12Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
13 13Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, University Jaume I of Castellón, Spain.
14 14Institute for Behavioural Addictions, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria.
15 15Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
16 16Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
17 17Institute for Sex Research, SexualMedicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
18 18Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
19 19Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
20 20William James Center for Research, Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
21 21Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain.
22 22Department of Psychology, College of Humanity and Social Science, Fuzhou University, China.
23 23Section of Sexual Psychopathology, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
24 24Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
25 25Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy.
26 26Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
27 27Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom.
28 28HELP University, Malaysia.
29 29Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
30 30Decentralized Big Data Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan, & The General Research Division, Osaka University Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Osaka, Japan.
31 31Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
32 32Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Addictology, Prague,

Background and aims: The Moral Incongruence Model of Pornography Use proposes that pornography-use-related problems may be present due to problematic pornography use (PPU) and/or moral disapproval (MD) of pornography use. Despite some supporting empirical evidence, no study has tested the presence of different pornography-use profiles based on individuals' behavioral dysregulation (i.e., PPU) and moral values concerning pornography use. The generalizability of previous findings to diverse populations has also been limited given the scarcity of studies conducted outside of Western countries.

Methods: Using data from the International Sex Survey (42 countries, N = 66,994; Mage = 32.16 years, SD = 12.27), we conducted latent profile analysis to identify pornography-use profiles based on individuals' frequency of use, MD, and PPU. The profiles were compared along a wide range of pornography-use-related, sexuality-related, and psychological correlates.

Results: Six pornography-use profiles were identified, including two increased risk groups (i.e., Increased risk of PPU without MD and Increased risk of PPU with some MD). Several factors differentiated between the increased risk vs. no/low risk profiles (e.g., relatedness satisfaction) as well as between the two increased risk profiles (e.g., religiosity). Apart from behavioral dysregulation, moral values concerning pornography use played an important role in distinguishing pornography-use profiles and demonstrated the importance of inquiring about MD when working with individuals with pornography-use-related problems.

Conclusion: Findings also support recent calls for better-integrated sex therapy and sexual medicine perspectives into pornography-use-related problems research and care.