1 Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
2 Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
3 Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
4 Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
5 Département de Génie Electrique, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
6 Centre De Recherches En Mathématiques, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

In the present study, we proposed and evaluated a workflow of personalized near infra-red optical tomography (NIROT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for spatiotemporal imaging of cortical hemodynamic fluctuations. The proposed workflow from fNIRS data acquisition to local 3D reconstruction consists of: (a) the personalized optimal montage maximizing fNIRS channel sensitivity to a predefined targeted brain region; (b) the optimized fNIRS data acquisition involving installation of optodes and digitalization of their positions using a neuronavigation system; and (c) the 3D local reconstruction using maximum entropy on the mean (MEM) to accurately estimate the location and spatial extent of fNIRS hemodynamic fluctuations along the cortical surface. The workflow was evaluated on finger-tapping fNIRS data acquired from 10 healthy subjects for whom we estimated the reconstructed NIROT spatiotemporal images and compared with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results from the same individuals. Using the fMRI activation maps as our reference, we quantitatively compared the performance of two NIROT approaches, the MEM framework and the conventional minimum norm estimation (MNE) method. Quantitative comparisons were performed at both single subject and group-level. Overall, our results suggested that MEM provided better spatial accuracy than MNE, while both methods offered similar temporal accuracy when reconstructing oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) concentration changes evoked by finger-tapping. Our proposed complete workflow was made available in the brainstorm fNIRS processing plugin-NIRSTORM, thus providing the opportunity for other researchers to further apply it to other tasks and on larger populations.