1 Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
2 Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
3 Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
4 Department of Community Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
5 Department of Stomatology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
6 Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
7 Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
8 Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated public health measures may increase the risk for psychological distress among vulnerable older adults. This longitudinal study aimed to identify predictors of psychological distress trajectories among community-dwelling older adults in Quebec, Canada.

Methods: The study spanned four time points across 13 months and three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample included 645 community-dwelling older adults ages 60 years and older in Quebec. Participants completed telephone-based interviews that included the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale (K6) to assess psychological distress at each time point as well as information on socioeconomic, medical, psychological and COVID-19 related factors. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify distinct trajectories of psychological distress across time.

Results: Three group-based trajectories of psychological distress were identified: the resilient (50.5%), reactive (34.9%), and elevated distress groups (14.6%). Individuals with mobility issues, insomnia symptoms, COVID-19 related acute stress, general health anxiety, increased loneliness symptoms, and those unable to use technology to see others were more likely to be in the reactive and elevated groups than the resilient group. Those with past mental health problems had uniquely increased odds of being in the reactive group compared to the resilient group. Individuals living in poverty and those who reported taking psychotropic medication had increased odds of being in the elevated distress group compared to the resilient group.

Conclusion: These findings characterized distinct trajectories of psychological distress in older adults and identified risk factors for elevated distress levels.